A Comparative Analysis of Gender Discrepancies in Kratom Vein Knowledge Among Tertiary Students
Analisis Perbandingan Perbezaan Jantina dalam Pengetahuan Mengenai Urat Kratom dalam Kalangan Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol9no2.625Keywords:
knowledge, kratom, vein, tertiary, studentAbstract
Abstract: Tertiary students' knowledge of kratom predominantly focuses on its effects and legal implications, overlooking the crucial understanding of different kratom leaf veins. Recognizing these vein types is essential for comprehending the potential consequences of kratom misuse. This study addresses concerns about the likelihood of tertiary students engaging in kratom abuse due to its easy accessibility and affordability. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge levels of three types of kratom veins inhalants—white, red, and green—among male and female tertiary students, utilizing a cross-sectional design with quantitative data collected from 296 students through Google Forms. The analysis reveals gender-based disparities in knowledge percentages for each vein type. The analysis presented in Figure 1 accentuates significant disparities in knowledge levels between male and female respondents regarding various colours of kratom veins. Notably, males consistently exhibit superior knowledge, with a substantial percentage of 19.9% for the white vein compared to their female counterparts. This trend persists with the red vein, where males outperform females, achieving a knowledge percentage of 15.9%, indicating a persistent gender-based difference in understanding kratom vein colours among tertiary students. The examination extends to the green vein, with males demonstrating a higher knowledge percentage of 10.1% compared to females. Despite the widespread use of kratom, particularly among adolescents in substance abuse, a substantial knowledge gap exists among tertiary students regarding various kratom vein types. Tailoring educational efforts to consider these multifaceted factors is crucial for promoting inclusivity, equitable knowledge distribution, and fostering a comprehensive understanding of kratom within diverse populations.
Abstrak: Pengetahuan pelajar-pelajar tertiari tentang kratom lebih cenderung kepada kesan dan implikasi undang-undang, dengan memahami pemahaman yang penting mengenai pelbagai jenis urat daun kratom. Pemahaman terhadap jenis-jenis urat ini adalah kunci untuk memahami kesan pengaruh kratom. Kajian ini menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai kemungkinan pelajar tertiari terlibat dalam pengaruh dan harga yang mampu disebabkan kemudahan. Objektif kajian adalah menilai tahap pengetahuan terhadap tiga jenis urat kratom - putih, merah, dan hijau - di kalangan pelajar lelaki dan perempuan tertiari. Reka bentuk rentas-seksyen digunakan dengan mengumpulkan data kuantitatif daripada 296 pelajar melalui Google Forms. Analisis menunjukkan perbezaan berdasarkan jantina dalam peratusan pengetahuan bagi setiap jenis urat. Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara dalam tahap pengetahuan antara responden lelaki dan perempuan mengenai pelbagai warna urat kratom. Lelaki menunjukkan pengetahuan yang lebih tinggi secara konsisten, dengan peratusan ketara sebanyak 19.9% untuk urat putih berbanding perempuan. Trend ini berterusan dengan urat merah, di mana lelaki melebihi perempuan, mencapai peratusan pengetahuan sebanyak 15.9%, menunjukkan perbezaan yang berterusan berdasarkan jantina dalam pemahaman warna urat kratom di kalangan pelajar tertiari. Pemeriksaan melibatkan urat hijau, dengan lelaki menunjukkan peratusan pengetahuan yang lebih tinggi sebanyak 10.1% berbanding dengan perempuan. Walaupun penggunaan kratom yang meluas, terutamanya di kalangan remaja dalam pengaruh bahan, terdapat jurang pengetahuan yang besar di kalangan pelajar tertiari mengenai pelbagai jenis urat kratom. Penyesuaian usaha pendidikan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang berbeza ini adalah penting untuk mempromosikan inklusiviti, pengagihan pengetahuan yang saksama, dan memahami pemahaman yang menyeluruh tentang kratom dalam kalangan populasi yang pelbagai.
Downloads
References
Andrade, M. (2015). Alcohol and tobacco content in UK video games and their association with alcohol and tobacco use among young people. Public Health, 129(9), 790-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.05.012
Angkurawaranon, C., Jiraporncharoen, W., Likhitsathian, S., Thaikla, K., Kanato, M., Perngparn, U., Assanangkornchai, S., & Aramrattana, A. (2018). Trends in the use of illicit substances in Thailand: Results from national household surveys. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(5), 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12689
Bergamini, E., Demidenko, E., & Sargent, J. D. (2017). Trends in tobacco and alcohol brand placements in popular US movies, 1996 through 2009. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3347
Boyer, E. W., Babu, K. M., & Macalino, G. E. (2007). Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom. The American Journal on Addictions, 16(5), 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490701525368
Boyer, E. W., Babu, K. M., Adkins, J. E., McCurdy, C. R., & Halpern, J. H. (2008). Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(6), 1048–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x
Chernikov, A. (2023, March 10). 14 advantages and disadvantages of Google Forms. https://nerdy-form.com/blog/google-form-maker
Coe, M. A., Pillitteri, J. L., Sembower, M. A., Gerlach, K. K., & Henningfield, J. E. (2019). Kratom as a substitute for opioids: Results from an online survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.005
Corkery, J. M., Streete, P., Claridge, H., Goodair, C., Papanti, D., Orsolini, L., Schifano, F., Sikka, K., Körber, S., & Hendricks, A. (2019). Characteristics of deaths associated with kratom use. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 33(9), 1102–1123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119862530
Cunningham, J. K., & Sen, S. (2008). Correlates of frequent and infrequent kratom use among illicit drug users in Malaysia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(3), 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400618
Davidson, C., Cao, D., King, T., Weiss, S. T., Wongvisavakorn, S., Ratprasert, N., Trakulsrichai, S., & Srisuma, S. (2021). A comparative analysis of kratom exposure cases in Thailand and the United States from 2010-2017. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 47(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2020.1836185
DEA (2020). Kratom. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Kratom-2020_0.pdf
Escobedo, P., Allem, J. P., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., & Unger, J. B. (2018). Cultural values associated with substance use among Hispanic emerging adults in Southern California. Addictive Behaviors, 77, 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.018
Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction, 103(6), 969-976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x
Griffiths, M., & Cole, T. (2020). The role of educational settings in shaping perceptions and knowledge about substances: A review of current literature. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9, 276. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_371_20
Grundmann O. (2017). Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007
Grundmann, O., Veltri, C. A., Morcos, D., Knights, D., 3rd, Smith, K. E., Singh, D., Corazza, O., Cinosi, E., Martinotti, G., Walsh, Z., & Swogger, M. T. (2022). Exploring the self-reported motivations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use a cross-sectional investigation. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 48(4), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2022.2041026
Halim, S. A., Low, J. H., Chee, Y. C., & Alias, M. R. (2021). Seizures among young adults consuming kratom beverages in Malaysia: A case series. Epilepsy & Behaviour: E&B, 121(Pt A), 108057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108057
Hassan, Z., Muzaimi, M., Navaratnam, V., Yusoff, N. H., Suhaimi, F. W., Vadivelu, R., Vicknasingam, B. K., Amato, D., von Hörsten, S., Ismail, N. I., Jayabalan, N., Hazim, A. I., Mansor, S. M., & Müller, C. P. (2013). From Kratom to Mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioral effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012
Henningfield, J. E., Fant, R. V., & Wang, D. W. (2018). The abuse potential of kratom according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for Regulation and Research. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4813-4
Hussin, K., et al. (2014). Drug Abuse in Malaysian Institute of Higher Education (Penyalahgunaan dadah: Institut Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia). Universiti Malaysia Perlis Publication
Ismail, R., Abdul Manaf, M. R., Hassan, M. R., Mohammed Nawi, A., Ibrahim, N., Lyndon, N., Amit, N., Zakaria, E., Abd Razak, M. A., Zaiedy Nor, N. I., Shukor, M. S., & Kamarubahrin, A. F. (2022). Prevalence of drug and substance use among Malaysian Youth: A nationwide survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084684
Kayode-Sanni, A., (Nov 22, 2022). Google forms: advantages & disadvantages in 2022. https://www.formpl.us/blog/google-forms-advantages-disadvantages-in-2022
Khalid, K., Ku Md Saad, S., Soelar, S. A., Mohamed Yusof, Z., & Warijo, O. (2021). Exploring adolescents' practice and perspective on the use and misuse of kratom in northwest Malaysia. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. doi:10.1080/15332640.2021.1906816
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Cochand, S., Zullino, D., & Khan, R. (2019). Gender differences in the perceived effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) among regular users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1573289
Knottnerus, J. A., & Muris, J. W. (2003). Assessment of the accuracy of diagnostic tests: the cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(11), 1118–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00206-3
Lai, H. M., Cleary, M., Sitharthan, T., & Hunt, G. E. (2015). Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990–2014: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 35(3), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12304
Laws Of Malaysia Act. (1989). Poisons Act 1952 (Revised - 1989). https://pharmacy.moh.gov.my/sites/default/files/document-upload/poisons-act-1952-act-366-edit-a1666-clean_0.pdf
Leong Abdullah, M. F. I., & Singh, D. (2021). The Adverse Cardiovascular Effects and Cardiotoxicity of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth): A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.726003
Leong Abdullah, M. F. I., (2020). Kratom Dependence and Treatment Options: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Current Drug Targets, 21(15), 1566–1579. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200719011653
Martins, N., Morris, R. G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of exposure to pro-eating disorder websites, apps, and social media. Eating Disorders, 24(3), 206-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2016.1146145
Mayo Clinic. (2022, June 03). Kratom: Unsafe and ineffective. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/kratom/art-20402171
Miller, P. G., & Curtis, A. (2016). Drug and alcohol dependence prevention: A public health perspective. Health Education Journal, 75(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896915595241
Noor, S., Tajik, O., & Golzar, J. (2022). Simple random sampling. International Journal of Education & Language Studies, 1(2), 78-82. https://doi.10.22034/ijels.2022.162982
Phoong, S. W., Phoong, S. Y., & Yeoh, Y. J. (2022). Kratom: A bibliometric analysis of scientific publications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–9. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2159591
Prevete, E., Hupli, A., Marrinan, S., Singh, D., D' Udine, B., Bersani, G., Kuypers, K. P. C., Ramaekers, J. G., & Corazza, O. (2021). Exploring the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) via the YouTube data tool: A novel ethnographic analysis. Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100007
Primack, B. A., Colditz, J. B., Pang, K. C., Jackson, K., & Porticella, N. (2016). Media use and marijuana use among adolescents and emerging adults in the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(2), 342-350. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.342
Prozialeck, W. C., Jivan, J. K., & Andurkar, S. V. (2012). Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic, and opioid-like effects. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 112(12), 792–799
Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261–264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.182410
Singh, D., Müller, C. P., & Vicknasingam, B. K. (2014). Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and craving in regular users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 139, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017
Singh, D., Muller, C. P., Vicknasingam, B. K., Mansor, M., & Mansor, S. M. (2015). Social € functioning of kratom (mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2015.1012610
Singh, D., Narayanan, S., Vicknasingam, B., Corazza, O., Santacroce, R., & Roman-Urrestarazu, A. (2017). Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia. Human Psychopharmacology, 32(3), e2582. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.v32.3.10.1002/hup.2582
Smith, K. E., & Lawson, T. (2017). Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 180, 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.034
Smith, K. E., Dunn, K. E., Rogers, J. M., Grundmann, O., McCurdy, C. R., Garcia-Romeu, A., Schriefer, D., Swogger, M. T., & Epstein, D. H. (2022). Kratom use as more than a "self-treatment". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 48(6), 684–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2022.2083967
Stanciu, C. N., Ahmed, S., Sarfraz, Z., Nimavat, N., Healey, C. J., Grundmann, O., Ballard, J. R., & Henningfield, J. (2023). prevalence, characteristics, and reasons for kratom use among psychiatrically III. Inpatients who use substances. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 1–11. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2023.2289456
Suhaimi, F. W., Yusoff, N. H., Hassan, R., Mansor, S. M., Navaratnam, V., Müller, C. P., & Hassan, Z. (2016). Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine. Brain Research Bulletin, 126(Pt 1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.015
Swogger, M. T., Hart, E., Erowid, F., Erowid, E., Trabold, N., Yee, K., Parkhurst, K. A., Priddy, B. M., & Walsh, Z. (2015). Experiences of kratom users: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47(5), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2015. 1096434
Tavolacci, M. P., Ladner, J., Grigioni, S., Richard, L., Villet, H., & Dechelotte, P. (2013). Prevalence and association of perceived stress, substance use, and behavioral addictions: a cross-sectional study among university students in France, 2009-2011. BMC Public Health, 13, 724. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-724
Ulbricht, C., Costa, D., Dao, J., Isaac, R., Leblanc, Y. C., Rhoades, J., & Windsor, R. C. (2013). An evidence-based systematic review of kratom (mitragyna speciosa) by the natural standard research collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 10(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2013.793541
Unger, J. B., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Shakib, S., Palmer, P. H., Nezami, E., & Mora, J. (2004). A cultural psychology approach to "drug abuse" prevention. Substance Use & Misuse, 39(10-12), 1779–1820. https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-200033224
Veltri, C., & Grundmann, O. (2019). Current perspectives on the impact of Kratom use. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 10, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S164261
Vicknasingam, B., Chooi, W. T., Rahim, A. A., Ramachandram, D., Singh, D., Ramanathan, S., Yusof, N. S. M., Zainal, H., Murugaiyah, V., Gueorguieva, R., Mansor, S. M., & Chawarski, M. C. (2020). Kratom and Pain Tolerance: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 93(2), 229–238.
Vicknasingam, B., Narayanan, S., Beng, G. T., & Mansor, S. M. (2010). The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 21(4), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.12.003
Vostrelová, Z., Vajdlová, D., Vacek, J., & Mravčík, V. (2021). Use and awareness of kratom among university students: Questionnaire surveys. https://www.aplp.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/01vostrelova.pd
Warner, M. L., Kaufman, N. C., & Grundmann, O. (2016). The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 130(1), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Ameer Fuhaili Mohamad Hashim Othman, Mohamad Hashim Othman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. Author holds the copyright of the article.
2. Jurnal Sains Insani owns the rights to publish the article. The writer may request permission to republish the article from the editor.
3. Jurnal Sains Insani follows the APA (American Psychological Association) style for all in-text citation and list of bibliographies.
