Penambahbaikan Undang-undang Jenayah Syariah dalam Menangani Isu Transgender di Malaysia: Cabaran dan Cadangan
The Enhancement of the Sharia Criminal Laws in Coping with Transgender Issue in Malaysia: Challenges and Proposals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol6no3.356Keywords:
Semakan kehakiman, undang-undang jenayah Syariah, Mahkamah Syariah, konflik bidang kuasa, transgender., Judicial review, Sharia criminal offences laws, Sharia Court, conflicts of jurisdiction, transgender.Abstract
Perlembagaan Persekutuan telah memperuntukkan bidang kuasa Mahkamah Syariah melalui Senarai II, Senarai Negeri di bawah Jadual Kesembilan antaranya berkaitan kesalahan-kesalahan jenayah Syariah atau perlanggaran perintah agama Islam (precepts of Islam) selagi mana ia tidak termasuk dalam perkara di bawah Senarai Persekutuan. Meskipun pengasingan bidang kuasa ini telah dikuatkan lagi dengan pindaan Perkara 121(1A) pada tahun 1988 namun masih berlaku konflik bidang kuasa antara Mahkamah Syariah dengan Mahkamah Sivil sehingga kini dalam beberapa kes semakan kehakiman oleh Mahkamah Sivil terhadap kesalahan-kesalahan jenayah Syariah, inter alia, isu transgender. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan undang-undang sedia ada dan fatwa yang terpakai terhadap golongan transgender serta melihat kesesuaiannya pada masa kini. Kajian ini juga turut meninjau status pengiktirafan transgender di beberapa negara terpilih. Artikel ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif bersumberkan rujukan primer dan sekunder daripada buku-buku, artikel jurnal, keratan akhbar dan statut-statut seperti Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Akta dan Enakmen Negeri-negeri serta kes-kes yang berkaitan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa peruntukan undang-undang jenayah Syariah berkaitan transgender adalah berbeza antara negeri dan bersifat gender bias. Oleh itu, ia memerlukan penambahbaikan dan penelitian semula supaya lebih jelas dan komprehensif supaya tidak mudah dicabar oleh pihak-pihak berkepentingan.
The Federal Constitution has provided jurisdiction for the Sharia Court under Item II, State List, Ninth Schedule amongst others regarding Sharia criminal offences or precepts of Islam as long as the offences are not stated in the Federal List. Even though this distinction of jurisdiction was further strengthened with the Article 121(1A) amendment in 1988 but there are still ongoing conflicts of jurisdiction between the Sharia and Civil Court to date in a few judicial review cases by the Civil Court on matters about Sharia criminal offences over the years, inter alia, the transgender issue. This article intends to discuss the existing laws and applied fatwas onto the transgender people and relook into today’s relevancy. This study also reviews the status of transgender recognition in selected countries. This article uses qualitative methodology with primary and secondary references as sources from books, journal articles, newspaper excerpts, statutes such as the Federal Constitution, Acts, Enactments, and related cases. The finding suggests that the Sharia Criminal Offences Laws re transgender differ between states and are gender biased in nature. Therefore, it needs some enhancement and re-examination to be more comprehensive and clearer hence will not be easily challenged by any mala fide parties.
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