The Relationship Between Political Efficacy and Online Political Participation Among Women: A Systematic Literature Review: Hubungan Antara Efikasi Politik dan Penglibatan Politik Atas-Talian Dalam Kalangan Wanita: Suatu Soroton Kajian Sistematik

Yu Liu; Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu; Yok Fee Lee; Mohd Mahadee  Ismail

doi:10.33102/sainsinsani.vol9no2.700

Authors

Yu Liu Department of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4260-9572
Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu Department of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3970-6900
Yok Fee Lee Department of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-1861
Mohd Mahadee Ismail Department of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol9no2.700

Keywords:

Online political participation, political efficacy, systematic literature review (SLR), women

Abstract

Abstract: Despite persistent challenges in women’s political participation, online political participation (OPP) has created new opportunities, with women’s efficacy in changing political processes. However, the results of the studies on OPP and political efficacy (PE) among women are varied. While existing literature suggests a strong correlation between political efficacy (PE) and OPP behaviours, a systematic analysis of women as a marginalised group is lacking. This study addresses this gap by critically examining the types, theories, variables, and research frameworks related to PE and OPP among women, aiming to construct a comprehensive causal framework. Using the PRISMA, the researchers systematically reviewed ten peer-reviewed articles (2014-2023) from Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus. The analysis revealed diverse dimensions of PE and OPP. PE encompassed internal (IPE), external (EPE), online (OPE), and collective political efficacy (CPE), with IPE most frequently studied. OPP behaviours were categorised into active and passive forms, with online political expression predominating. The theoretical frameworks covered five theories across psychology, political science, and mass media. Results indicated that while OPP did not predict PE, PE significantly predicted OPP. The study identified differences based on democratic contexts, suggesting the need for subtle approaches in future. This review contributes to the field by synthesising current knowledge, elucidating the interplay of relevant variables, and highlighting critical gaps in the literature. By providing a holistic understanding of the PE-OPP relationship among women, this study offers valuable insights for researchers and policymakers.

Abstrak: Terdapat cabaran berterusan penglibatan politik dalam kalangan wanita, tetapi penglibatan politik dalam talian (OPP) telah mencipta peluang baharu, bersama efikasi wanita dalam mengubah proses politik. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat dapatan kajian berbeza mengenai penglibatan politik dalam talian dan keberkesanan politik (PE) dalam kalangan wanita. Kajian sedia ada mencadangkan korelasi yang tinggi antara efikasi politik dan tingkah laku penglibatan politik dalam talian, namun analisis sistematik mengenai wanita sebagai golongan terpinggir masih terhad. Kajian ini menangani jurang ini dengan mengkaji jenis, teori, pembolehubah, dan rangka kerja penyelidikan yang berkaitan dengan keberkesanan politik dan penglibatan politik dalam talian dalam kalangan wanita, secara kritis untuk membina rangka kerja penyebab yang komprehensif. Pengkaji menggunakan PRISMA untuk membuat sorotan sistematik ke atas sepuluh artikel yang telah dikaji semula secara setara (2014-2023) daripada Web of Science (WOS) dan Scopus. Analisis mendedahkan pelbagai dimensi keberkesanan politik dan penglibatan politik dalam talian. Keberkesanan politik merangkumi keberkesanan dalaman (IPE), luaran (EPE), dalam talian (OPE) dan keberkesanan politik kolektif (CPE), di mana keberkesanan politik dalaman adalah aspek yang paling kerap dikaji. Tingkah laku penglibatan politik dalam talian dikategorikan kepada aktif dan pasif, dengan keutamaan kepada ekspresi politik dalam talian. Rangka kerja teori pula merangkumi lima teori merentasi bidang psikologi, sains politik dan media massa. Hasil kajian menunjukkan walaupun penglibatan politik dalam talian tidak meramalkan keberkesanan politik, ia dapat meramalkan penglibatan politik dalam talian dengan signifikan. Kajian ini juga telah mengenalpasti perbezaan berdasarkan konteks demokrasi dan mencadangkan keperluan untuk pendekatan terperinci pada masa hadapan. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada bidang berkaitan dengan mensintesis pengetahuan semasa, menjelaskan hubungan antara pembolehubah yang berkaitan, dan mengenalpasti jurang kritikal dalam kajian. Ia juga membantu membentuk pemahaman holistik tentang hubungan PE-OPP dalam kalangan wanita dan menawarkan pandangan yang berharga untuk penyelidik dan penggubal dasar.

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