Menangani Ketaksamaan Gender dalam Keusahawanan: Cabaran Usahawan Wanita dari Kumpulan Berpendapatan Rendah (B40): Addressing Gender Inequality in Entrepreneurship: Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs from Low-Income Groups (B40)

Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor; Noralina Omar

doi:10.33102/sainsinsani.vol9no1.615

Authors

Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor Fakulti Sains Pentadbiran dan Pengajian Polisi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 73000 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-2524
Noralina Omar Jabatan Pentadbiran dan Keadilan Sosial, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-6696

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol9no1.615

Keywords:

Cabaran, Gender, Kualitatif, Pendapatan Rendah, Usahawan Wanita

Abstract

Abstrak: Keusahawanan mampan mempunyai implikasi yang positif terhadap Agenda 2030 Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) dan 17 Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan. Daripada 17 matlamat ini, matlamat lima iaitu kesaksamaan jantina, mempunyai kaitan langsung dengan keusahawanan wanita dimana ia memfokuskan pada hak sama rata untuk wanita dalam sumber ekonomi. Keusahawanan adalah teras pembangunan ekonomi. Pada masa kini wanita adalah kuasa ekonomi yang sedang berkembang. Oleh kerana persekitaran yang berubah, kini kaum lelaki mudah menerima konsep keusahawanan wanita. Penyelidikan tentang keusahawanan wanita adalah penting bukan sahaja dalam mencipta pengetahuan baharu dalam bidang keusahawanan tetapi juga untuk menggalakkan keusahawanan wanita dan kesaksamaan jantina. Usaha menggalakkan dan mempromosikan usahawan wanita adalah penting untuk mendedahkan cabaran yang mereka hadapi. Oleh itu, tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui cabaran keusahawanan wanita B40. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi penyelidikan kualitatif dengan menjalankan temu bual separa berstruktur bersama 15 usahawan wanita B40 telah dijalankan. Temu bual ditranskripsikan dan data dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa peserta berhadapan dengan pelbagai cabaran meliputi kekurangan bantuan kewangan, kesukaran memilih lokasi, masalah berkaitan pengurusan pelanggan, masalah pemasaran, masalah penghantaran produk jualan, dan persaingan sengit. Penyelidikan ini menyumbang kepada literatur tentang keusahawanan wanita secara amnya dan khususnya kepada literatur tentang cabaran yang dihadapi usahawan wanita dari perspektif ekonomi negara yang sedang membangun. Kajian ini juga boleh menyumbang secara praktikal kepada pihak berkepentingan iaitu Kementerian Pembangunan Usahawan dan Koperasi (KUSKOP), agensi kerajaan, institusi pendidikan, badan swasta, dan badan bukan kerajaan dalam membantu merangka pelan dan strategi pembangunan usahawan wanita dari kelompok B40.

Abstract: Sustainable entrepreneurship has positive implications for the 2030 United Nations (UN) Agenda and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Of these 17 goals, goal 5, which is gender equality, has a direct relationship with women's entrepreneurship where it focuses on equal rights for women in economic resources. Entrepreneurship is the core of economic development. Nowadays women are a growing economic force. Due to the changing environment, now men easily accept the concept of female entrepreneurship. Research on women's entrepreneurship is important not only in creating new knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship but also in promoting women's entrepreneurship and gender equality. In encouraging and promoting women entrepreneurs, it is important to reveal the challenges they face. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the entrepreneurial challenges of B40 women. Using qualitative research methodology, semi-structured interviews with 15 B40 female entrepreneurs were conducted. The interviews were transcribed, and the data analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings of the study found that the participants were faced various challenges including lack of financial assistance, difficulty in choosing a location, problems related to customer management, marketing problems, product delivery problems, and shift competition. This research contributes to the literature on women's entrepreneurship in general and specifically to the literature on the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs from the perspective of developing country economies. This study can also practically contribute to stakeholders, namely the Ministry of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives (KUSKOP), government agencies, educational institutions, private bodies, and non-governmental organisations in helping to formulate plans and strategies for the development of women entrepreneurs from the B40 group.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adikaram, A. S., & Razik, R. (2023). Femininity penalty: Challenges and barriers faced by STEM woman entrepreneurs in an emerging economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15(5), 1113-1138. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2021-0278

Afshan, G., Shahid, S., & Tunio, M. N. (2021). Learning experiences of women entrepreneurs amidst COVID-19. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 162-186. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2020-0153

Alshurideh, M. T., Al Kurdi, B., Alquqa, E. K., Alzoubi, H. M., Hamadneh, S., & Al Hamad, A. (2024). The impact of information sharing and delivery time on customer happiness: An empirical evidence from the UAE retail banking industry. In Cyber security impact on digitalization and business intelligence: Big cyber security for information management: Opportunities and challenges (pp. 353-370). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31801-6_22

Alvarez-Risco, A., & Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S. (2021). Public policies and private efforts to increase women entrepreneurship based on STEM background. In Women's entrepreneurship in STEM disciplines: Issues and perspectives, 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83792-1_5

Armuña, C., Ramos, S., Juan, J., Feijóo, C., & Arenal, A. (2020). From stand-up to start-up: Exploring entrepreneurship competences and STEM women’s intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 69-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00627-z

Banihani, M. (2020). Empowering Jordanian women through entrepreneurship. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 22(1), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-10-2017-0047

Banu, J., & Baral, R. (2022). Career choice, growth, and well-being of women entrepreneurs’ community: Insights on driving factors in India. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 16(5), 781-807. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2020-0206

Bastian, B. L., & Hill, S. (2021). Gender differences in entrepreneurship in Lebanon. In Women, Entrepreneurship and Development in the Middle East, 114-132.

Brixiová, Z., Kangoye, T., & Said, M. (2020). Training, human capital, and gender gaps in entrepreneurial performance. Economic Modelling, 85, 367-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.11.006

Carli, L. L. (2020). Women, gender equality and COVID-19. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7/8), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0236

Chakraborty, S., & Chatterjee, P. (2021). Women entrepreneurs in India: Where do they stand? The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 64, 1069-1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-021-00344-8

Chhabra, S., Raghunathan, R., & Rao, N. M. (2020). The antecedents of entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-06-2019-0034

Cho, Y., Li, J., & Chaudhuri, S. (2020). Women entrepreneurs in Asia: Eight country studies. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422320907042

Coleman, S., Henry, C., Orser, B., Foss, L., & Welter, F. (2019). Policy support for women entrepreneurs’ access to financial capital: Evidence from Canada, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and the United States. Journal of Small Business Management, 57, 296-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12473

Crittenden, V. L., Crittenden, W. F., & Ajjan, H. (2019). Empowering women micro-entrepreneurs in emerging economies: The role of information communications technology. Journal of Business Research, 98, 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.045

Ghouse, S. M., Durrah, O., & McElwee, G. (2021). Rural women entrepreneurs in Oman: Problems and opportunities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 27(7), 1674-1695. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2021-0209

Gil-Gomez, H., Guerola-Navarro, V., Oltra-Badenes, R., & Lozano-Quilis, J. A. (2020). Customer relationship management: Digital transformation and sustainable business model innovation. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 2733-2750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1676283

Groza, M. P., Groza, M. D., & Barral, L. M. (2020). Women backing women: The role of crowdfunding in empowering female consumer-investors and entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 117, 432-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.013

Hossain, M. U., Arefin, M. S., & Yukongdi, V. (2021). Personality traits, social self-efficacy, social support, and social entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2021.1936614

Hussain, J., Mahmood, S., & Scott, J. (2019). Gender, microcredit, and poverty alleviation in a developing country: The case of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of International Development, 31(3), 247-270. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3403

Isaga, N. (2019). Start-up motives and challenges facing female entrepreneurs in Tanzania. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-02-2018-0010

Kaciak, E., & Welsh, D. H. (2020). Women entrepreneurs and work–life interface: The impact of sustainable economies on success. Journal of Business Research, 112, 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.073

Kamberidou, I. (2020). “Distinguished” women entrepreneurs in the digital economy and the multitasking whirlpool. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0114-y

Khan, R. U., Salamzadeh, Y., Shah, S. Z. A., & Hussain, M. (2021). Factors affecting women entrepreneurs’ success: A study of small-and medium-sized enterprises in emerging market of Pakistan. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00145-9

Khan, R. U., Salamzadeh, Y., Iqbal, Q., & Yang, S. (2022). The impact of customer relationship management and company reputation on customer loyalty: The mediating role of customer satisfaction. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 21(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2020.1840904

Lingappa, A. K., LR, L. R., & Shetty, D. K. (2023). Women entrepreneurial motivation and business performance: The role of learning motivation and female entrepreneurial competencies. Industrial and Commercial Training, 55(2), 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-06-2022-0042

Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753-1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444

Mio, C., Panfilo, S., & Blundo, B. (2020). Sustainable development goals and the strategic role of business: A systematic literature review. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(8), 3220-3245. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2568

Mmbaga, N. A., Mathias, B. D., Williams, D. W., & Cardon, M. S. (2020). A review of and future agenda for research on identity in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(6), 106049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106049

Mohd Noor, N. H., Mohamad Fuzi, A., & El Ashfahany, A. (2023). Institutional support and self-efficacy as catalysts for new venture performance: A study of iGen entrepreneurs. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 12(3/4), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-02-2023-0015

Nguyen, H. A., Phuong, T. T., Le, T. T. B., & Vo, L. P. (2020). Vietnamese women entrepreneurs’ motivations, challenges, and success factors. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(2), 215-226.

Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) (2023). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition. Carian dari https://desapublications.un.org/publications/sustainable-development-goals-report-2023-special-edition

Rangaswamy, A., Moch, N., Felten, C., Van Bruggen, G., Wieringa, J. E., & Wirtz, J. (2020). The role of marketing in digital business platforms. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 51(1), 72-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.04.006

Rashid, S., & Ratten, V. (2020). A systematic literature review on women entrepreneurship in emerging economies while reflecting specifically on SAARC countries. In Entrepreneurship and Organizational Change: Managing Innovation and Creative Capabilities, 37-88.

Rosca, E., Agarwal, N., & Brem, A. (2020). Women entrepreneurs as agents of change: A comparative analysis of social entrepreneurship processes in emerging markets. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 157, 120067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120067

Rudhumbu, N., Du Plessis, E. C., & Maphosa, C. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for women entrepreneurs in Botswana: Revisiting the role of entrepreneurship education. Journal of International Education in Business, 13(2), 183-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-12-2019-0058

Sajjad, M., Kaleem, N., Chani, M. I., & Ahmed, M. (2020). Worldwide role of women entrepreneurs in economic development. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-06-2019-0041

Shastri, S., Shastri, S., & Pareek, A. (2019). Motivations and challenges of women entrepreneurs: Experiences of small businesses in Jaipur city of Rajasthan. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(5/6), 338-355. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-09-2018-0146

Sukrat, S., & Leeraphong, A. (2024). A digital business transformation maturity model for micro enterprises in developing countries. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 43(2), 149-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22230

Teixeira, M. B. M., Galvão, L. L. D. C., Mota-Santos, C. M., & Carmo, L. J. O. (2021). Women and work: Film analysis of Most Beautiful Thing. Revista de Gestão, 28(1), 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-03-2020-0015

Topimin, S., Fabeil, N. F., & Abdullah, A. S. (2019). Women’s business survival: Challenges and strategies for single mother entrepreneurs. Academic Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(2), 1-10. https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/AJoBSS/article/view/11663

Welsh, D. H., Kaciak, E., Mehtap, S., Pellegrini, M. M., Caputo, A., & Ahmed, S. (2021). The door swings in and out: The impact of family support and country stability on success of women entrepreneurs in the Arab world. International Small Business Journal, 39(7), 619-642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620952356