Tema-Tema Ilmu Kajian Agama dalam Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun: Satu Perbahasan Ringkas
Themes of Religious Study in Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah: A Discussion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol3no2.59Abstract
Ibn Khaldun is a no stranger amidst the Muslim and non-Muslim historians, through his Muqaddimah. The Muqaddimah is not only a credible text for the studies of civilization, ethnic and heritage; but at the same time can also be used as a source reference for the study of religions. Under the taxonomy of two main types of Muslim scholarship in the study of religions, namely the purposive and the non-purposive types, Ibn Khaldun is included in the second. Through the use of qualitative research design, which utilizes content analysis method on the Muqaddimah, this article found that Ibn Khaldun’s descriptions on the study of religions are inclusive with his notes on the historical and civilizational studies. Despite of his interest and focus in the intellectual pursuit, his colourful life and continuous relocations are also among the factors that mould his creativity and innovation in his writings. In Ibn Khaldun’s study, religion is considered as one of the important factors in civilizational building. Discussions on human, be it from the spectra of anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, epistemology or historiography, as found in Ibn Khaldun’s cUmrān, also include a few topics in the study of religions. In short, themes of Ibn Khaldun’s study of religions could be divided into two main types, namely Ibn Khaldun’s views on religion and Ibn Khaldun’s studies of religions. These themes were included in the Muqaddimah selectively, which must be comprehended in line with his original intention of writing this historical text.
Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, cUmrān science, views on religion and study of religions
Abstrak: Ibn Khaldun merupakan tokoh ilmuwan yang tidak asing dalam kalangan sejarawan Muslim dan bukan Muslim, melalui magnum opusnya iaitu Muqaddimah. Muqaddimah bukan sahaja sesuai diangkat sebagai sebuah teks utama dalam bidang kajian ketamadunan, etnik dan turāth, malah turut sesuai untuk dijadikan teks rujukan dalam ilmu kajian agama. Dalam taksonomi dua kumpulan utama kesarjanaan Islam qua Ilmu Kajian Agama iaitu Purposive dan Non-purposive, Ibn Khaldun termasuk dalam kumpulan yang kedua iaitu Non-purposive. Melalui kajian kualitatif, yang menggunakan metode analisis kandungan ke atas teks Muqaddimah, artikel ini telah menemui bahawa perbincangan ilmu kajian agama yang dibawa oleh Ibn Khaldun dalam karyanya adalah secara inklusif bersama perbincangan berkenaan sejarah dan ketamadunan. Selain daripada minat dan fokus Ibn Khaldun kepada bidang ilmu, kehidupan beliau yang penuh dengan warna-warni, serta pengembaraan dari satu daerah ke daerah yang lain juga merupakan antara faktor yang membuatkan beliau sentiasa kreatif dan inovatif dalam tulisan-tulisan beliau. Dalam penelitian Ibn Khaldun, agama merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting dalam pembinaan peradaban dan tamadun manusia. Perbincangan berkenaan manusia sama ada secara antropologi, sosiologi, psikologi, ekonomi, epistemologi atau historiografi seperti yang dibawa oleh ilmu cUmrān Ibn Khaldun turut membincangkan beberapa perkara dalam ilmu kajian agama. Secara ringkas, tema-tema ilmu kajian agama oleh Ibn Khaldun ini dapat dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian yang utama iaitu pertama, pandangan beliau terhadap agama (views on religion) dan keduanya adalah kajian agama-agama (study of religions). Tema-tema ini telah dimuatkan dalam Muqaddimah secara selektif oleh Ibn Khaldun untuk digarap secara selari dengan tujuan asal bukunya.
Kata kunci: Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, Ilmu cUmrān, Pandangan terhadap agama dan Kajian agama-agama
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